Reform Judaism is a modern school of thought and observance that engages positively with the world and emphasizes ethical values as the focus of its beliefs. In response to the social and cultural changes associated with the Enlightenment period, Reform Judaism emerged in 19th century Europe. It stands in opposition to traditional Orthodox Judaism, which adheres more rigidly to traditional interpretations of Jewish law and practice.
The primary focus of Reform Judaism is to promote an evolving sense of ethical responsibility and belief through a commitment to social justice and progressive values. Reform leaders and teachers emphasize the importance of individual interpretive authority in the practice of Reform Judaism, encouraging communal and personal autonomy. Reform Jews strive to stay connected with Jewish tradition, practice and heritage, but also strive to interpret and shape Jewish tradition in the present day, in ways that are mindful of modern ways of thinking.
Reform Judaism believes in the oneness of God and the respect for the divine laws of the Torah. Unlike traditional interpretations, Reform Jews interpret the laws as suggestions, rather than mandates. As such, Reform Judaism is able to accept evolving understandings of both social and religious custom, and encourages it members to adjust their practices to changing circumstances.
Reform Judaism encourages Jews to critically examine their faith roots, allowing for personal and idiosyncratic approaches to religion. Reform Jews value the experiences of each individual’s religious and spiritual life and seek to create meaningful Jewish expression in modern times. At the same time, Reform Jews recognize the importance of education, particularly in the realm of Biblical and Talmudic studies, and therefore strive to maintain a strong commitment to Jewish tradition and study.
In spite of Reform Judaism’s encouraging of individuals to take a more active role in their religious lives and personal growth, it still holds to a core set of beliefs. First and foremost, Reform Jews recognize the centrality of social action in promoting justice and peace throughout the world. This commitment is reflected in their prayers, rituals and service. In addition, Reform Jews are dedicated to positive and meaningful human relationships, and strive for a sense of community and wholeness within Jewish life.
Observing Shabbat and Other Holidays
Reform Jewish practice encourages individuals to observe Shabbat and other Jewish holidays within their own framework. Jews can be as traditional or as individual as they wish in their observance of Shabbat or holidays.
Shabbat, in particular, is celebrated with great reverence, albeit with varied practices. Many Reform Jews make it their practice to attend Shabbat services, light candles and make Kiddush to mark the start of the day. Other more relaxed Reform celebrations of Shabbat might involve praying and connecting with one another through food, homework and light conversation.
The Jewish holidays are often celebrated in various distinctive Reform ways. On the High Holidays, for example, distinctions from the traditional model might include the use of music and other forms of artistic expression to create a more meaningful service. Reform Jews typically hold Reform services to mark both the beginning and end of the holiday. Other less traditional observances of the holidays may include dinners and other social gatherings.
Marriage and Divorce in Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism regards marriage between two Jewish people as a sacred commitment, and encourages couples to find their own unique and meaningful expression of this commitment. Reform rabbis often officiate intermarriage between a Jewish and non-Jewish partner, provided that the couple decide to raise their children as Reform Jews.
Reform Judaism views the termination of a marriage as a tragedy that should not be taken lightly. Divorced individuals should be treated with respect and compassion, and the religious needs of both parties should be taken into account. Reform Jews also believe that halakhic guidelines should be taken into consideration when examining questions of marriage and divorce.
Reform Judaism and Social Issues
Reform Judaism takes a progressive stance on many social issues and strongly encourages its members to take an active role in their communities. Reform Jewish values are based upon the Torah, and the rabbis and teachers of Reform Judaism interpret and expand on these values in an effort to create meaningful Jewish expression in modern times. Therefore, Reform Jews have actively sought to become involved in matters such as civil right, social justice and environmental sustainability.
Reform Jews have also taken a strong stance on gender equality and LGBT+ rights, advocating for stronger rights and protections for these communities and encouraging the broader acceptance of their identities within the larger society. Furthermore, Reform Jews recognize the value of pluralism and actively work to promote interfaith dialogue and understanding.
Gender and Inclusion in Reform Judaism
Reform Jews emphasize inclusiveness and equality for all people regardless of their gender or sexual orientation. Reform Jews believe that gender equality is essential for a vibrant and meaningful Jewish life, and therefore welcome and encourage all people to feel a part of the movement. Furthermore, Reform Jews recognize the need for inclusive language and gender-sensitive practices in the services, teachings and observances of the Reform movement.
Reform Rabbis often officiate intermarriages between two people, regardless of their gender or sexual orientation. Additionally, Reform Jews support equal access to ordination for both men and women and denounce religious and sexual discrimination. Reform Jews also recognize that traditional roles, such as those traditionally ascribed to men and women, are not necessarily the only legitimate expressions of religious life.
Reform Judaism and Zionism
Reform Judaism’s support of Zionism is rooted in the idea that Jews need to be able to live full and meaningful lives in the modern world, without the fear of prejudice and violence. Reform Jews actively engage in pro-Zionist activities, such as participating in the Land of Israel movement and protests in favor of a Jewish state. In addition, Reform Jews support the peace process in Israel, and believe in negotiations as a first step towards achieving a just peace between Israel and its neighbors.
Reform Jews view Zionism as a tool to promote justice and equality, and to ensure that the Jewish people around the world keep a strong connection to Israel. At the same time, Reform Jews believe in negotiation and dialogue as a way to promote peace and understanding between Israelis and their neighbors.
Reform Judaism and Halakhic Law
Halakhic law is the system of Jewish law developed over centuries by religious authorities and rabbis. Halakhic law is seen as the basis of religious practice in Judaism, and has profound implications in the lives of Jews. Although Reform Jews do not necessarily follow halakhic law in their daily lives, they still recognize it as a source of Jewish tradition, and as such seek to integrate it into their interpretations of Jewish law and practice.
Reform Jews believe that Jewish law should be reflective of the democratic principle, and should therefore be open to interpretation and change. Reform Jews also believe that halakhic law should be approached with the same critical lens with which they approach other texts, such as the Bible. This allows Reform Jews to make informed decisions about how to find meaning and relevance in both traditional and modern sources of Jewish law.
Closing Thoughts
Reform Judaism is a modern movement that encourages individuals to take an active role in their spiritual and intellectual growth, while still being mindful of traditional Jewish practice. Reform Jews believe in pluralism and seek to promote understanding and respect for others, as well as equality and justice. They are also firmly committed to social action, social justice, and many of the progressive issues of our time. Reform Jews strive to promote dialogue and understanding between Jews and their non-Jewish neighbors, thus contributing to the larger peace-building process.
