Introduction
The term ‘Hinduism’ is used to refer to a complex set of religious traditions that have their origins in the Indian subcontinent, of which the most fundamental is the belief in one supreme being, the Vedic gods, and the reincarnation of the soul. Hinduism is an ancient religion that has evolved over the centuries, and is today practised by millions of people throughout the world, who refer to themselves as ‘followers of Hinduism’. To understand who, exactly, follows Hinduism, we must look to its history, core beliefs and sacred texts, as well as its various sects and adherents.
History and Core Beliefs
The origins of Hinduism stretch back to the success of the Aryans, the nomadic people who migrated to the Indian subcontinent around 1500 BCE and established the caste system. Hinduism is based upon the concept of Brahman, which is the ultimate spiritual reality, and is expressed through the Vedic gods, such as Indra, Vishnu and Shiva. Hindus also believe in the cycle of birth, life and death, as well as in karma and reincarnation. Followers of Hinduism seek to achieve harmony through meditation and prayer, and to strive for the highest possible level of spiritual attainment in each of their lives.
Scriptures
Hinduism has three main sacred texts, the Vedas, the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita. The Vedas are a collection of hymns and other religious texts written by various authors over a period of approximately 1500-1000 BCE. The Upanishads, written between 900 and 500 BCE, build upon the teachings of the Vedas and focus on cultivating personal relationships with the divine. The Bhagavad Gita is the most widely read of the scriptures, and is known as ‘the book of divine guidance’. The Gita provides guidance on how to live one’s life with spiritual discipline and devotion.
Sects and Adherents
Followers of Hinduism can be divided into three main sects: Shaivism, Brahmanism and Vaishnavism. Shaivism is focused on the worship of Shiva as the Supreme Deity, Brahmanism focuses on the worship of Brahman, and Vaishnavism is focused on the worship of Vishnu. In addition to these three main sects, there are numerous other sub-sects, such as Shaktism, which focuses on the worship of the Goddess. Each of these sects contains a wide range of adherents and sub-sects, each with their own distinctive beliefs and practices.
Cultural Practices
Followers of Hinduism practice a variety of cultural and religious rituals, some of which are derived from the Vedic scriptures. These rituals include burning of incense, offering of prayers and offerings, performing of fire ceremonies and chanting of mantras. Other cultural practices, such as fasting, pilgrimage, stylized dancing and yoga, have been adopted by many Hindus as part of their spiritual practices.
Festivals and Celebrations
Followers of Hinduism celebrate a number of major festivals throughout the year, many of which commemorate major events in Hindu mythology. These festivals are often dedicated to various Hindu gods and goddesses, such as the major festivals of Diwali and Holi, which are celebrated by Hindus all over the world. Festivals such as Raksha Bandhan and Rakhi are dedicated to the relationship between parents and their children, while festivals such as Janmashtami are dedicated to the birthday of Krishna.
Modern Practices
Hinduism is a living religion, and as such, is constantly adapting and evolving. In the modern world, Hinduism has been influenced by a variety of different forces and philosophies, including the introduction of self-help and meditation techniques from the East. In addition, Hinduism has also been influenced by numerous new technological and scientific developments, such as cyber temples, online courses and mobile applications for learning about Hinduism.
Role of the Priesthood
The priestly caste plays an important role in Hinduism, as they are responsible for interpreting the Vedic scriptures, conducting rituals and ceremonies, and providing guidance to the faithful. The priestly caste is also one of the oldest and most respected members of society, especially in rural areas. They are seen as the guardians of traditional Hindu values and beliefs, and, as such, play an important role in helping to keep the faith alive.
Influence on Society
Hinduism has had a profound influence on Indian culture and society, and its presence can be seen in a variety of different contexts. Certain values, beliefs and customs, such as arranged marriages and the status of women, as well as certain religious festivals and practices, such as puja and pilgrimage to sacred sites, are all derived from Hinduism. In addition, elements of Hindu philosophy and religion, such as yoga and meditation, are increasingly popular in the West.
Social Impact
Hinduism has become one of the most influential religions in the world, having an impact on a variety of cultures and societies. Hinduism plays an important role in politics, as many political leaders have professed their admiration for the religion. In addition, Hinduism has been at the forefront of social reform in India, as it has been used as a tool for combating discrimination and promoting equality.
Modern Developments
The digital age has led to a number of new trends in Hinduism, such as the emergence of new deities and forms of worship, as well as the increasing use of technology and virtual spaces for religious practice. In addition, there are a number of websites, blogs and social media platforms dedicated to exploring Hinduism and its various aspects. As the modern world continues to change, Hinduism will evolve with it, and followers of the faith will continue to innovate and adapt to the changing environment.
