Core Beliefs
Hinduism is an ancient set of religious beliefs and traditions originating in the Indian subcontinent and spanning more than 4,000 years. Hinduism’s core beliefs and philosophies revolve around the concept of a single ultimate reality – known as Brahman – and its many manifestations in the universe. A central tenet of the Hindu faith is the idea of karma, whereby a person’s actions have a direct effect on their destiny. Hindus believe in a cycle of birth and rebirth, known as samsara; this concept is also central to their understanding of the world and their place within it. According to Hindu scriptures, Brahman is the creator of all life and the universe, and its existence is both eternal and all-encompassing.
At the heart of Hinduism is a reverence for the divine, which is expressed in a variety of ways: through prayers, meditation, and rituals. Hindus revere a variety of gods and goddesses, each of which has its own story and function. For example, Brahma is the creator god, Vishnu is the preserver god, and Shiva is the destroyer god. As well as gods, Hindus also revere a range of divine figures, such as sages, saints, and avatars – or reincarnations of gods in human form.
From a philosophical perspective, Hindus believe in the concept of moksha – a state of enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth. Moksha is attained through physical, mental, and spiritual disciplines, such as yoga and meditation. This pursuit of freedom is seen as the ultimate goal in Hinduism; those who attain moksha are thought to be liberated from the limitations of earthly existence and can experience a higher level of being.
Practices
Hinduism is a complex set of spiritual practices and beliefs, each with its own origin and purpose. Prayer is a key element of Hinduism, and Hindus use physical rituals, such as bowing, chanting, and worshipping idols, to express their devotion to the divine. Hindu rites of passage also play an important role in the faith; the most important being the saṃskāra ceremonies, which celebrate the various stages of life, from birth to death.
Sacrifice is another important element of Hinduism; animals are often sacrificed to appease the gods or to make offerings to ancestors. Hindus believe that the power of their prayers or rituals is most effective when offered through sacrifice. This ritual is often connected to specific festivals, such as Diwali or Durga Puja, and the offerings are meant to bring luck and blessings to those taking part.
The art of music is also essential to Hinduism. Traditional instruments, such as the harmonium, sanai, and tabla, are often used to accompany religious ceremonies. Songs and mantras are sung to invoke the gods, or to express devotion or reverence.
Role of the Guru
In Hinduism, the Guru – or spiritual teacher – plays an important role. The Guru is thought to be an embodiment of divine knowledge and wisdom, and is believed to be able to guide their disciples on the path to enlightenment. The Guru is seen as a spiritual guide, offering instruction and insights into the mysteries of life and the divine.
The relationship between the Guru and their disciples is also of great importance; followers are expected to show complete reverence and respect for their teacher. This relationship is seen as key in the transmission of spiritual knowledge and is seen as vital to the disciples’ spiritual development.
Scriptures
Hinduism is an ancient faith, and its scriptures are thought to be of divine origin. The Vedas are the oldest Hindu scriptures, and are composed of hymns and religious texts which are meant to be an expression of the divine will. Other important scriptures include the Upanishads, the Brahmanas, and the Bhagavad Gita – or ‘Song of God’. These texts form the basis of the Hindu faith and provide a framework for its understanding of the world.
The Hindu scriptures are also important for providing an insight into a variety of religious and philosophical concepts, such as karma, dharma, and the path to liberation. These texts inform the beliefs of many Hindus and explain the various rituals and customs associated with the faith.
Dharma
Dharma is an important concept in Hinduism and it refers to an individual’s duty or the path of righteousness. Every human being is expected to fulfil their duty to uphold righteousness and perform the tasks asked of them by their faith, such as obeying the laws of karma, following their dharma, and engaging in acts of kindness and generosity.
Individuals who live according to their dharma are thought to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, and to be a positive force in the world. It is believed that a person’s dharma remains with them throughout life, so they must always strive to fulfil it.
Yoga and Meditation
Yoga and meditation form the foundation of Hinduism and are seen as essential spiritual practices. Yoga is a physical, mental, and spiritual practice, and involves a range of postures and breathing techniques which are intended to bring mental clarity and inner peace. Meditation is also important, and Hindus meditate to clear the mind and to gain insight into the divine.
Yoga and meditation are often practiced together, with the aim of achieving a higher level of spiritual awareness. In doing so, Hindus believe that they can become aware of the divine, and can reach a state of enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth.
Fasting and Feasting
Fasting and feasting are also important elements of Hinduism. Fasting is typically done during religious festivals and is thought to bring piousness and purification, while feasting is often done to mark special occasions and to express gratitude. In some Hindu traditions, it is customary to give food offerings to the gods, while others celebrate important occasions by feasting and giving gifts.
Festivals and Celebrations
Hinduism has an ancient history, and its customs and traditions are still practiced today. A variety of festivals and celebrations are an important part of the Hindu faith, and these are thought to bring luck, prosperity, and joy to those who take part.
Festivals such as Diwali, Holi, and Shivaratri are celebrated in honour of different deities and to mark special occasions. During these festivals, families typically display brightly coloured decorations and share sweet treats, floral offerings, and light lamps in honour of the gods. Other important festivities include the sharpa puja – or fire worship – and navratri – a nine night celebration of the goddess Durga.
Etiquette and Customs
Hinduism has its own set of customs and etiquette, which are meant to be followed with respect and reverence. Hindus typically dress modestly and remove their shoes when entering temples or holy locations. When in somebody’s house or when speaking with a spiritual figure, it is important to show modesty and to use respectful language.
It is also important to remember that Hinduism is an ancient religion, and that many of its beliefs, traditions, and customs are deeply embedded in its culture. As such, it is important to be aware of and respectful of these beliefs and traditions when engaging with them.
Path to Enlightenment
Enlightenment is the ultimate aim of Hinduism, and is believed to be attainable through spiritual development and discipline. Hindus believe the path to enlightenment is a lifelong journey which requires dedication and effort, but that it is ultimately achievable.
To reach enlightenment, Hindus typically pursue physical, mental, and spiritual disciplines, such as yoga and meditation, and rely on the guidance of their Guru. It is also important to adhere to dharma and to lead a life of piety and devotion to the divine. By following these principles, Hindus believe that they can free themselves from the cycle of birth and rebirth and attain a higher level of spiritual awareness.
Rituals of Passage
Rituals of passage play an important role in Hinduism, as they provide a way for individuals to mark the various stages of life and to express gratitude for the blessings of the gods. Rites of passage are an important part of the faith, and usually involve elaborate rituals to acknowledge and celebrate important milestones, such as birth, marriage, and death.
These rituals often involve the lighting of lamps, the chanting of mantras and hymns, making offerings to the gods, and sharing sweets and gifts. They are designed to bring luck, happiness, and peace to those taking part, and to ensure that they are living according to dharma.
Diet and Customs
Hinduism has its own set of customs, which often relate to food and diet. Hinduism prescribes a vegetarian diet, which is thought to bring purity and peace to those who follow it. Hindus generally abstain from eating meat and alcohol, and some also abstain from certain other foods, such as garlic, onions, and mushrooms.
Customs also dictate that food should not be thrown away and that it should be shared with others. Hindus typically believe that food is a gift of the gods and should be treated with respect. This is often expressed by offering food to the gods before partaking of it, and by expressing gratitude.
Significance of Water
Water is a sacred element in Hinduism, and it is believed to possess curative and purifying properties. Water is used in many Hindu rituals and offerings, and forms the basis of many traditional ceremonies. Common ritual practices involving water include ablutions, where Hindus wash themselves before entering a temple. Hindus also often take a dip in sacred rivers to purify themselves, and it is traditional to sprinkle holy water over newly born babies.
Water is also thought to be closely connected to life and Hindus often make offerings to rivers, lakes and streams to express gratitude for the life-giving properties it provides. It is believed that this practice brings luck and blessings, and that those who offer it will be blessed with good fortune.
