History and Origins
Hinduism is sometimes referred to as Sanatana Dharma, which roughly translates to ‘eternal religious law’. This complex faith system is believed to have begun in India in late Neolithic times and can now be found practiced in varied forms in all corners of the globe. Its origins are uncertain, but many religions, such as Zoroastrianism, may have influenced its development.
The Vedas are the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, and they were believed to have been passed down orally in the form of hymns. These were followed by various Hindu epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Other texts, such as the Bhagavad Gita, were also incorporated over time into Hinduism’s belief system.
It is not known exactly when Hinduism’s central religious practice and beliefs came together, but it is thought to have formed around 500 BCE. Since then it has continually evolved, with new variations, practices, and ritual customs emerging in different parts of India and southeast Asia.
Beliefs
Hinduism is an ancient belief system and distinct philosophy which encompasses a range of beliefs, practices, and ways of life. It is an extremely diverse faith, with no single set of core beliefs. However, there are certain values and practices which are universally shared among Hindus and form the foundations of Hinduism.
At its core, Hinduism is built upon a philosophically sophisticated system which seeks to explain the nature of reality and the many ways in which it can be experienced. Hindus believe in the idea of karma, or the notion that our past actions will have an effect on our future lives. They also embrace the notion of reincarnation, or the rebirth of a soul into a new body.
The Vedas are the authoritative scriptures of Hinduism and form the basis for its scriptural tradition. They touch upon many philosophical questions, such as the nature of creation and the right way to live. Hindus believe in the presence of one supreme, all-encompassing God, though this may take different forms in different Hindu sub-traditions. They also believe in a variety of lesser gods and goddesses which represent particular domains of power.
Practices
The practice of Hinduism is a path of spiritual growth and exploration which requires devotion, self-reflection, and discipline. Hindus celebrate festivals, holidays, and special occasions to mark important events in their lives and the wider Hindu tradition.
Yoga is an important part of Hindu practice, with its focus on physical and spiritual exercise. Meditation is also used to explore the deeper states of consciousness and trance-like states within Hinduism. Among the most popular practices are puja, a ritual for offering respect, veneration, and prayer; as well as vrat, the concept of taking a vow.
Hindus also observe a system of ethical rules and codes known as the four yamas. These are ahimsa, or non-violence; satya, or truthfulness; asteya, or non-stealing; and brahmacharya, or sexual restraint. These principles are thought to guide Hindus in their path towards reaching spiritual enlightenment.
Scripture and Sacred Texts
Hinduism is based upon a long tradition of scriptures, texts, and practices which have been passed down through generations. These scriptures form the basis for the life-transforming religious and spiritual practices of Hinduism.
The Vedas are the oldest and most authoritative texts in Hinduism, with the Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita coming from a slightly later period. Other traditions and scriptures such as the Srimad Bhagavatam and Ramayana also play an important part in the Hindu faith. Finally, there are a variety of works written by Hindu saints and discovered over the centuries which are also part of the Hindu tradition.
Additional scriptures, practices, and lore have been discoverd and created to this day. They are used to explore the many disciplines within Hinduism, from meditation and yoga, to mantras and magic.
Religious Objects and Places of Worship
Worship of the divine is an important part of Hinduism, and there are certain religious objects and places of worship which are used to do this. Hindus participate in pujas, or worship rituals, which involve chanting mantras, offerings of flowers and food, and other practices. The devotee will often light a lamp in front of an altar containing idols, stones, or other sacred objects.
The most famous place of Hindu worship is probably the temple. Temples are elaborate structures which house idols and images of the Hindu gods and goddesses. Hindus will often visit temples to offer their prayers and to take part in rituals. Temples also serve as community centres and places where people gather to celebrate important festivals.
In modern times, Hindu religious objects such as stones, metal coins, and images of gods and goddesses can often be found in shops, homes, and businesses. Many modern Hindus choose to express their faith in their own way, through chanting mantras or wearing religious symbols.
Festivals and Celebrations
Hinduism is a religion of feasts and festivals, with many celebrations taking place throughout the year. Some of the most well-known are Diwali, the Festival of Lights; and Holi, the Festival of Colours. Special meals are often prepared to mark the occasion, and Hindus exchange gifts with family and friends.
Festivals are a time of joy and celebration for Hindus, but also a time for reflection, prayer, and religious observance. One of the most important festivals is Navaratri, or the ‘Nine-Night Festival’. During this time, Hindus come together to worship the goddess Durga, who is seen as a protector and someone who brings peace and harmony.
Hindu festivals mark the passing of the seasons, the cycles of life, and the days and months, as well as commemorating important events in the life of the faith’s prophets and gods. By celebrating such festivals, Hindus show their reverence for the divine and reaffirm their connection to the spiritual world.
Symbols and Rituals
Hinduism is a religion full of symbols, many of which have specific religious meanings and associations. The om symbol is one of the most widely used and well-known symbols, and is believed to be the sound of creation. Similarly, the bindi is a dot placed on a woman’s forehead which is said to represent the third eye, or inner spiritual vision.
The swastika is another famous Hindu symbol which is said to represent the four corners of the world. It is commonly used in Hindu art and architecture, and can also be found in other religions and cultures around the world.
Hindus also employ many rituals and practices in everyday life. One of the most important rituals is the puja, or religious ceremony. This involves the offering of flowers and incense to a particular god or deity. Other rituals may involve making offerings to the family ancestors, or meditating on the mantras of a particular deity.
Philosophies and Beliefs
Hinduism encompasses a variety of philosophies and beliefs. The most widely accepted Hindu philosophy is Vedanta, which is based upon the teachings of the Upanishads. It is a complex system which seeks to explore the unity between the self and the ultimate reality. Vedanta asserts that the highest spiritual truth can only be found within oneself.
Another key philosophy associated with Hinduism is Yoga, which is believed to be a path to enlightenment. This is based upon the idea that humans are ultimately composed of three parts: the body, mind, and spirit. Through physical and mental exercises, yogis seek to harmonize these three parts and discover their true essence.
The Bhagavad Gita is often seen as the spiritual Bible of Hinduism, and is said to contain answers to many of life’s questions. It is a lengthy poem which is divided into eighteen chapters, although often chapters two through six are considered the most important. It is regarded as a tool which can be used to attain spiritual insight and realization.
Interpretations and Perceptions
Hinduism is often seen as an ancient and exotic religion with numerous texts and rituals that have been passed down through centuries. However, modern Hindus are more likely to interpret their religion differently, adapting it for their own personal life philosophy. It is a faith that is often open to interpretation, with millions of Hindus finding their own ways of expressing the numerous beliefs and philosophies that the religion contains.
Many Hindus do not adhere to the traditional scriptures and rituals associated with the religion, but instead find ways to express their own values and ideals. They look to the old texts as reference points, but often take a different approach to it depending on their lifestyle and beliefs. Some may focus more on the spiritual, while others are more interested in the practical side of things.
Hinduism is also seen as a tolerant religion, having historically accepted followers of many different faiths and beliefs. Hindus view their religion as one path among many, and so individuals are often encouraged to explore the various paths that are available to them in order to come to their own personal understanding of reality.
