Background of Persian Religion
Persian religion is one of the oldest known religions in the world, having its origins in the pre-Islamic Zoroastrianism tradition. It is a monotheistic religion that believes in the coming of a single messiah, or a savior figure. The religion has been prevalent in the Middle East and central Asia since the 5th century BCE. Persian religion is heavily influenced by cosmogonies and cosmologies, including aspects of ancient Mithraic rituals. Persian religion has historically been strongly linked to Zoroastrianism, which has become its main source of religiosity. It is also strongly influenced by Judeo-Christian beliefs and values.
Influence of Persian Religion on Judaism
The influence of Persian religion on Judaism is significant and multifaceted. One of the strongest aspects of this influence is the role of Persian ideas and symbolism in the formation of Jewish religious concepts, particularly in the context of the Jewish Diaspora. Persian religious ideas have had an enormous impact on Jewish beliefs and practices, especially in the aspects of messianic hope, ritual purity and practices of prayer. The Hebrew Bible has been hugely inflected by Persian religious ideas, particularly in its use of imagery, such as the theme of redemption and restoration that is so prominent in the Books of Isaiah and Daniel.
Persian religious ideas have also had a major influence on Jewish concepts of ethical conduct and compassion. Judaism has adopted the principles of hikmah and sadaqah, two ideas derived from Persian religious thought. Hikmah, which is commonly translated as “wisdom”, is concerned with striving for knowledge and taking care of oneself. Sadaqah is concerned with kindness and helping one’s neighbor. The concept of hikmah has had a great impact on Jewish thought, particularly in the field of theology and ethics.
Persian-Jewish Relations
Persian-Jewish relations have a long and complex history, stretching back to the period of the Babylonian captivity. During the Babylonian captivity, Jews who were exiled from their homeland to the Persian empire held fast to their beliefs and practices. Over time, these beliefs and practices were spread to other parts of the Persian empire through cultural diffusion. This resulted in an increased familiarity of Persian culture with Jewish religious and cultural beliefs and practices.
The period of Jewish exile in the Persian empire is often seen as a golden age of Jewish-Persian relations. During this period, Jews were allowed to practice their religion freely, and in some cases, were even given special privileges. The relationship between Jews and Persians during this period was characterised by mutual tolerance, respect and cooperation.
Persian Language and Culture
The influence of Persian religion on Judaism is also reflected in the use of the Persian language and literature by Jewish writers. The influence of Persian language and culture on Jewish culture is particularly evident in the works of the great Jewish-Persian poets, such as Sa‘adi and Ferdowsi. Persian language and culture have had a major impact on the writings and rituals of the Jews in Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and elsewhere.
The Persian language has played an important role in Jewish religious writings. The Septuagint, the earliest Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, used a number of words and expressions taken from Persian. This is most strongly seen in the Writings, the third section of the Hebrew Bible. The Targums, or Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible, also contain a number of Persian words. These words are often used in order to give the text a more solemn and majestic tone.
Persian Impact on Jewish Mythology
The influence of Persian religion on Judaism is also evident in the realm of mythology. Persian myths and legends, such as those of the Persian kings, have been incorporated into Jewish mythology and folklore. The figure of Daniel, one of the most popular figures in Jewish mythology, is said to have been inspired by a Persian legend. Similarly, the figure of Isaiah is derived from Persian ideas and imagery. These figures, and their roles in Jewish mythology, demonstrate the impact that Persian religion has had on Judaism.
Persian Impact on Jewish Music
Another area where Persian religion has had a major impact on Judaism is music. Persian music has been adopted by Jewish musicians in Iran and Iraq, and has become an important part of Jewish religious practice. Persian melodies and rhythms can be heard in Jewish religious services and songs. Jewish musicians have also adopted popular Persian instruments, such as the tar, which plays a prominent role in Iranian music today.
Impact of Persian Religion on Jewish Art and Architecture
The impact of Persian religion on Judaism can also be seen in the realm of art and architecture. Persian aesthetic principles, such as use of vibrant colors and ornate decorations, are used in Jewish artwork and can be seen in many Jewish religious artifacts. These pieces of art often incorporate elements of the Jewish faith such as the menorah or the Tree of Life. Persian influences can also be seen in many Jewish architectural structures, such as synagogues, where the arches and columns recall the decoration of ancient Persian palaces.
Conclusion
The influence of Persian religion on Judaism is significant and far-reaching. Through its influence on Jewish beliefs, practices, language, music, art and architecture, Persian religion has had an immense impact on the development of Judaism. Persian religious ideas and symbols have become an important part of Jewish culture, and continue to influence Jewish religious thought and practices today.
