Definition
Dharma is an important concept in Hinduism, referring to social and religious obligations, from cosmic order to one’s own responsibilities. In Hinduism, it is an obligation, virtue, and morality for an individual to follow in order to harmonise with themselves and their environment. Dharma includes the laws of Manu, the caste system, personal and social duties, one’s personal conduct, and station in life according to tradition. Dharma is vital in Hinduism, as it is seen as a mechanism for spiritual and social harmony, which transcends social status, class, age, and gender.
Vedic Context
The concept of Dharma has its roots in the Vedic scriptures, which serve as the foundation of Hinduism. These scriptures, such as the Rigveda and Upanishads, are believed to contain the wisdom and instructions of the Divine. The term ‘Dharma’ first appears in the Rigveda in the sense of ‘righteousness’, and is later used in Hinduism to represent the essential laws and principles of life. Dharma has a range of definitions in the Vedic literature, including ‘law’, ‘duty’ and ‘religion’. The basic meaning of Dharma is the performance of one’s duties in accordance with cosmic and social laws and traditions.
Four Pillars of Dharma
The four main pillars of Dharma in Hinduism are Vedas, Smritis, Puranas and Upanishads. The Vedas are the foundation of Dharma, as they contain the source of knowledge and provide guidance for all aspects of life. Smritis are codified interpretations of the Vedas, providing deeper and more specific guidance. The Puranas are tales of the Gods and the mythology of Hinduism, representing the history and culture of the Dharma. The Upanishads are metaphysical and philosophical works which explore the spiritual aspect of Dharma.
Dharma and Karma
Dharma and Karma are closely related concepts in Hinduism, as they both influence and shape the life of an individual. Dharma is one’s obligations and duties according to cosmic and social laws, while Karma is the result of one’s actions and reactions in the world. According to Hindu philosophy, the quality of one’s life is determined by the quality of their Karma, which is in turn determined by the quality and nature of their Dharma.
Karma and Reincarnation
The notion of Karma is closely linked to the concept of reincarnation in Hinduism. Karma determines the sequence and quality of one’s lives, as it shapes the form and circumstances of each life. Karma accumulates over time and determines the type of life one will be born into in their next incarnation. On a Karma-based view of life, Dharma gives meaning and purpose to one’s lives, as the performance of Dharma leads to a better quality of Karma and, ultimately, a better quality of life.
Moral Code
Dharma is also seen as a moral code of conduct, which applies to all members of the Hindu faith. According to the Dharma, individuals should strive to perform their duties to the best of their ability, always displaying qualities such as honesty, piety, and selfless service. Dharma states that individuals should strive to live in harmony with the universe, their fellow beings, and their environment. It also states that individuals should strive to make the best use of their talents, while honouring and respecting the rights of others.
Aims of Dharma
The ultimate aim of Dharma is to direct individuals towards a spiritual and moral life. Its aim is to help individuals become more aware of themselves, their environment, and their place in the world. The ultimate goal of Dharma is to promote personal growth, social harmony, and spiritual enlightenment.
Personal Responsibilities
Dharma acts as a guide for individual behaviour, and is especially important in the performance of one’s personal responsibilities. According to the Dharma, individuals should strive to be honest, compassionate, and tolerant towards others. They should also strive to use their talents and abilities to the best of their ability in order to serve the needs of society. In addition, they should strive to protect and preserve the environment, as this is seen as part of the Dharma.
Social and Moral Duty
Dharma also acts as a guide to social and moral behaviour. According to the Dharma, individuals should strive to treat each other with respect, act generous, and refrain from exploitation and oppression. They should also strive to maintain social harmony and cohesion, by resolving conflicts and maintaining order and peace. In addition, individuals should strive to follow the social customs and traditions of their community, such as observing religious rituals and festivals.
Consequences of Dharma
The consequences of following the Dharma is the attainment of spiritual and moral peace and harmony. According to Hinduism, following the Dharma leads to spiritual liberation, which is the ultimate spiritual goal. In addition, following the Dharma leads to good Karma, which will ensure a better quality of life in future incarnations. Finally, by following the Dharma, individuals can ensure that their actions are in line with the universal laws of nature, and will thereby help to promote social and cosmic harmony.
