Introduction
Orthodox Judaism is a form of Judaism that follows a strict adherence to Jewish tradition and law, as defined by Jewish scripture, classical rabbinic literature and rulings of the recognized rabbis of modern Jewish movements, as well as its own unique customs and beliefs. It emphasizes observance of the 613 commandments, religious practices and observances, food laws and regulations, and examines them through the lens of centuries of Jewish scholarship and practice.
History and Roots
Orthodox Judaism dates back to the time of Moses and the revelation of the Torah. The Rabbis of ancient times developed a system of interpretation known as Halacha (or Jewish Law) to help guide Jews throughout the ages in living a religious and holy lifestyle. Over the centuries, various sects and movements within Judaism have developed. Although each has its own approach and interpretations, there is a general consensus on some of the laws, customs, and beliefs; these all fall into the category of Orthodox Judaism, and are accepted within most orthodoxy.
Tenets of Orthodox Judaism
The foundation of Orthodox Judaism is formed by the 613 mitzvot, or “commandments”, given to the Jewish people via commandments from the Torah, which must be observed, regardless of whether the commandment is seen as beneficial or not. Orthodox Judaism also includes strict adherence to the laws and rituals of the Sabbath, regular synagogue attendance, and the understanding that Halacha should be followed even in times of modernity or adversity. Orthodox Jewish communities are marked by a strong emphasis on educational pursuits, and regular Torah study, as well as social activities, enhancing and promoting a commitment to community. Orthodox Jews practice many of the same rituals and customs as other forms of Judaism, such as the Bar Mitzvah for boys and Bat Mitzvah for girls. However there are some additional rituals, such as separate seating and additional Sabbath regulations, which are also commonly practiced.
Role of Rabbis and Synagogues
Rabbis are considered to be the primary teachers and interpreters of Jewish law, and are respected and treated with great reverence within Orthodox communities. Synagogues and temples serve as the focal points of the communities, and are often open on the Sabbath and all days of the week. These places of worship provide a space for communal prayer, study, and conversations, as well as large celebrations on holidays. Typically, these places have an entire array of services, ranging from religious services to social classes, community events, and much more.
Conservative Observance
In Orthodox Judaism, there is a broad spectrum of observance, from those who strictly adhere to tradition to those who follow the spirit in more creative and progressive ways. Although there are certainly no shortages of rules and regulations to obey, there is also a strong emphasis on personal development, as well as expending energy towards social and communal causes. While there is an emphasis on the individual’s commitment to observance, there is also a stronger focus on the collective responsibility of the community to uphold its standards.
Interaction with Non-Jews
Inherent in the tradition of Orthodox Judaism is a commitment to charity and human kindness across religious boundaries. There is a strong emphasis on treating people with dignity and respect, regardless of their creed or background. Orthodox Jews also hold that certain aspects of religious practice should be shared to influence the Jewish people, and also have the potential to benefit society in general. In essence, Orthodox Judaism embraces a concept of partnership between Jews and non-Jews in creating a better world.
Dress and Appearance
The aspects of dress and appearance are very important in Orthodox Judaism. Men are often identified as Orthodox by the traditional headwear, the kippah, and the manner of dress. Women maintain a modest and dignified appearance, often wearing a modest skirt and blouse, with or without a head covering. This helps to signify religious commitment, a sense of holiness, and the importance of respecting tradition.
Transmitting the Tradition
Orthodox Judaism places a heavy emphasis on passing the tradition along to future generations. It is believed that each generation of Jews is responsible for continuing the traditions and values of their ancestors, and that no generation should stand between them and the original revelations of Moses. Education is an integral part of Orthodox Jewish culture, and great emphasis is placed on imparting knowledge and wisdom onto children, both in religious studies and in secular studies.
Role of Technology
Orthodox Judaism views technology with a great deal of caution; although modern technology can be beneficial to the community, technologies such as cell phones, smartphones and the world wide web must be used wisely and judiciously, without sacrificing the values and standards set out in Jewish Law. Technology is viewed as a tool, to be used to further the spiritual, religious and community goals of Orthodox Judaism.
Religious Expansion
In recent decades, Orthodox Judaism has grown exponentially around the world. Communities are now present all over the globe, with centers in North America, Europe and Israel, just to name a few. With its core commitment to observance, study and service, Orthodox Judaism is continuing to gain followers, and expand its influence on society.
Torah Study
Orthodox Jews place great emphasis on Torah study and scholarship. Torah study and learning is highly respected, and it is seen as a way to grow in knowledge, as well as to deepen one’s commitment to religious observance. The study of Torah can also be seen as a centerpiece of religious teaching and growth, and it is a practice that is passed down from generation to generation.
Women in Orthodox Judaism
Women have always held an important place in the Orthodox Jewish community. Although they may not have the same authority or access to religious texts and teachings as men, women are seen as an integral part of the community, and their roles as teachers and role models are very highly valued and respected. Women often have leadership positions in the community, and they are expected to lead by example, to share their wisdom and insight, and to help protect and preserve the spirit of Judaism.
Relationship Between Religion and State
Orthodox Judaism views the relationship between religion and state as a very important concept. While the traditional Jewish values of prayer, education, and charity are all championed by the state, the law of the land is seen as being subject to the laws of God. This relationship, known as Halacha, allows for a greater involvement of the state in religious matters, while still allowing freedom and autonomy for individuals, as far as religious observance and practice is concerned.
Organization and Social Structure
Orthodox Jews group together in organizations, often in an effort to strengthen their connections with one another and to further the common goals of the community. These organizations often include charities, educational institutions, outreach programs, and religious study groups. The associations and traditions of Orthodox Judaism often sharpen a sense of social responsibility and Jewish identity, and are often seen to be beneficial to the greater Jewish community.
Orthopraxy and Ethics
Orthodox Judaism places a strong emphasis on orthopraxy, or right behavior, rather than Orthodoxy, the right beliefs. It is believed that right action is more important than right belief, and that living a life according to the mitzvot should be viewed as an obligation, rather than a choice. This notion is also combined with a deep respect for ethical behavior and principles, which are seen as being integral to the practice of Orthodox Judaism.
