Hinduism is a complex faith with strong historical roots stemming back thousands of years. It is the oldest religion in the world and the third most widely practiced religion today, constituting approximately 15 percent of the world’s population. While it is perhaps most easily recognizable in its culture and traditions, one of the core components of Hinduism is language. Different sects of Hinduism have evolved their own distinct dialects over centuries and each language within their practice has an important role to play in their practice.
Sanskrit is the most ancient language of Hinduism, and is known as Vedic, or “sacred” language. It is used in the ancient spiritual texts known as the Vedas, as well as in Hindu prayers and incantations. Sanskrit has a unique grammar and pronunciation, with words derived from many other Indo-European languages such as Latin, Greek, and Persian. Many Hindu practitioners are now actively reviving the study and practice of Sanskrit, with increasing numbers learning to chant mantras in the traditional manner.
The language of modern Hinduism is typically a dialect of Hindi, the official language of India. Speakers of Hindi have a rich dialect of the language, and many use regional dialects to communicate with those they are spiritually allied with. This includes an abundance of religious terminology and phraseology that is unique to Hinduism. Whether linguistic study is technical or spiritual, it is inspiring to learn the terms and gain a deeper appreciation for the richness of Hindu intellectual and spiritual heritage.
Regional variations of Hindi are common in traditional worship, with priestly lineages learning the classical form of dialect found in liturgy, and elaborating upon it. This freedom to expand the traditional language can lead to a larger canon of religious words and terminology, suitable for both the more erudite and practical discussion, seeing it as an offering of word to word respect. Some may call this the conceptual language of Hinduism.
In South India, Tamil is the most popular language of Hinduism. The Tamil language is known for its poetry, devotional materials and liturgical works. It is also used extensively in modern Hindu education, with many courses being taught in Tamil for those who want to learn about spiritual topics within the Hindu practice. Tamil is commonly used in religious studies, philosophy, and in Hindu musical systems such as Carnatic music.
In West and Central India, Gujarati is the principal language used by most practitioners. Gujarati is a very old language and has been used for centuries in prayer and traditional practices such as Tantra. Gujarati has many devotional works, including the Bhagvad Gita, and still remains popular in parts of India. Gujarati is also used in modern universities and institutions for the study of Hinduism.
Finally, in the more northern parts of India and in parts of Nepal, a dialect of Hindi known as Braj Bhasha is popular. This language contains many religious references and is used in liturgical and devotional works. While Hindi is the primary language of India, Braj Bhasha is a distinct dialect used by Hindu priests and devotees in the North. It is also a common language of religious studies in colleges and universities and is taught in many of India’s leading religious seminaries.
The Importance of Language in Hinduism
The importance of language in Hinduism is clear from its various dialects, many with centuries of history. Sanskrit, Hindi, Tamil, Gujarati and Braj Bhasha are important languages for communicating and connecting to each other spiritually, with each language having its own unique cultural history and purpose. Poetic language and devotional works allow for a study of symbols and divine concepts, expressions and archetypes, the means for expressing deeper spiritual truths that are necessary for true spiritual advancement.
Language is an important part of Hinduism, as it allows for expression of concepts, belief and understanding. By encouraging a thorough study of language, understanding of spiritual connection to the divine can be deepened and made more accessible. The understanding of philosophy and scripture is essential to any spiritual practice, and language is often the key to this understanding.
In many Hindu traditions and monasteries, Sanskrit is used in the traditional liturgy. Sanskrit chant has been the basis of worship for centuries and each chant, bhajan and mantra carries special spiritual significance. Sanskrit, along with each regional language of Hinduism, allows us to delve deeper into the mysteries of spirituality, connect to the divine and appreciate the grandeur of the language. Without language, Hinduism would be incomplete.
The Loss of Understanding India’s Traditional Languages
Hinduism is an ancient, complex faith, with many distinct dialects of language throughout its geographic range. However, with the influx of Western culture and the ever-changing environment, there is a concerning decline in the study of these traditional languages. Many of the traditional texts and sacred works of India are written in ancient languages, and the knowledge for interpreting them is slowly being lost.
Overall, there is a lack of understanding and initiative to preserve the traditional cultural and linguistic practices of India. There is an urgent need for an independent initiative to preserve the language and cultural heritage of India which is being lost due to the onslaught of foreign influences.
Young people in India are increasingly exposed to their world through English and the Western mass media, leaving the ancient wisdom of their people unattended, while their language and culture faces daily attrition. Still, there are many attempts to revive and preserve the language, and provide guidance and knowledge that honors its ancient forms.
One such effort to revive Sanskrit is the annual “Sanskrit Revival Event,” which brings together scholars and students from around the world to discuss and promote scholarly understanding regarding the Sanskrit language. Involving over 2,500 scholars from India, the United States, and Europe, the celebration is held in the city of Varanasi to commemorate the traditional teachings of Sanskrit.
Preserving Language Through Education
In an effort to preserve these languages, Hindu organisations are creating educational initiatives to help students of all ages understand the cultural heritage of India. Education in modern languages mixed with traditional language studies allows for the celebration of both. There is also an emphasis on creative and grammar skills, tradition, and ancient wisdom.
In recent years, initiatives have been taken by Hindu organisations to launch educational books and materials to promote the heritage and utility of Indian languages. These initiatives bear notably positive impacts on children and young adults, as they enrich their understanding of the Hindu religion and culture, enabling them to learn and understand the ancient sutras and mantras.
Organisations such as Abroad Sanskrit (based in New Delhi) focus on learning, developing, and teaching Sanskrit in a range of multimedia forms. Likewise, the Bhava Bharati Foundation (based in the USA) provides resources, study materials, and language courses designed to preserve and promote the knowledge of ancient Indian languages and the wisdom behind the practice of Hinduism.
Continued Possibilities with Language
Many students are also turning to Vedic studies to develop a deeper understanding of the ancient language, scriptures and philosophies, with a more profound appreciation of the ancient culture and values. These initiatives have made studying the traditional language of Hinduism more accessible than ever before, offering further opportunities for the exploration of the spiritual realm.
Similarly, organisations such as Youth for Sanskrit (based in California) have created an atmosphere for young‐minded individuals to find out about their past, learn about the language, and understand the practice of Hinduism in a modern context. Their focus on the language of Hinduism helps to continue the tradition for future generations.
Far from being an outdated or retrograde language, Hinduism’s dialects remain alive and adaptable today. Its languages continue to offer direct access to the long-standing religious and philosophical knowledge that gives the religion its dynamic nature, strengthened by the voice of thousands of years of spiritual progress.
Integrating Language and Culture
The integrative nature of language between different branches of Hinduism is strong and allows for a degree of communication and understanding. Language can help to bring together the aspects of life—physical, intellectual, and spiritual—that drive the Hindu community. Religious terminology, texts, and phraseology can allow devotees to discuss higher concepts and philosophies with each other, and consolidate their spiritual pursuits.
A strength of Hinduism lies not only in its religious texts but also in its language. A bilingual approach to developing understanding—learning contemporary languages in schools as well as native dialects—is a powerful tool for bridging the gaps between the traditional and the new. It can foster understanding, respect, and cultural cooperation.
The language of Hinduism is there to explore and to use it is indicative of genuine respect. Its presence connects us to the past, preserves the living traditions, and provides for the future of Hindu faith. Language gives us access to the history and spiritual accomplishments of India’s Vedic peoples, and by engaging in its study, we can follow in their footsteps.
