When Was Judaism Made?
Judaism is one of the world’s oldest monotheistic religions and for over 3,500 years has inspired faith, ethics, and culture. But, when was Judaism made? One cannot pinpoint when Judaism began, as there are several theories and answers to this question.
The word “Judaism” first appeared in the Hebrew Bible, around the year 1000BC. This makes it the oldest of the three major Abrahamic faiths, formally established in the Middle East around that date. From then on, Judaism was practiced by the Hebrews (Israelites/Jews) and written about in the Bible as a distinct religion.
The first interpretation of the Torah is believed to have occurred at Sinai, in the 13th century BC. This oral tradition became the core document of Judaism and contained the Ten Commandments. However, the exact dates and details of this event remain uncertain, as archived versions of the Bible have gone through several revisions.
The initial version of the Torah and the beliefs contained within it were accepted as the foundation of Judaism in the ancient times. Moses and his people adopted the religion’s core principles as part of their covenant with God. As such, he established the pillars of the Jewish faith: Kashrut (Jewish dietary laws) and Shabbat (the Sabbath).
From this point onwards, the religion was further developed by various prophets and teachers of the Hebrews. For example, prophets including Hosea and Jeremiah are credited with the development of Jewish belief in monotheism and morality. Later teachers, such as Rabbi Akiva (50-135AD) codified and expanded on existing Jewish laws and customs.
However, other experts of the faith argue that Judaism was most likely pre-dated by the Proto-Judaism of the ancient Near East, from which many of the traditions and ceremonies were adopted and adapted by the Jews. It is thought that over time, this gave rise to their own unique translations of the religion.
Modern Judaism is a diverse faith and branches of the religion have evolved over time, each with its own interpretation of law and custom. From the strictly observant world of Orthodox Judaism to the progressive values of Reconstructionist Judaism, the definition of what it means to be a Jew continues to change and develop.
Judaism and the Law
The law has long been an integral part of Judaism and a key element of the faith. Within the framework of these laws, Jews were free to pursue their own way of life. This had an impact on the development of society, culture and economy. The law also provided a means of governance, alongside the teachings of the Bible.
Jewish law, known as Halacha, contains detailed instructions for everyday life. Its initial form was the 613 mitzvot, which includes both positive acts (rituals and commandments) as well as negative acts (forbidden acts). Over time, Halacha has been adapted and expanded upon by various commentators, rabbis and scholars.
Halacha is not just limited to religious rules, but can include civil and criminal laws, economic regulations and laws of warfare. As such, it is one of the oldest written legal systems still in existence today. Halacha has also been used to influence modern systems of law, such as the Mosaic Code, which is the basis of the American legal system.
Judaism also places an emphasis on justice and morality, enshrined in the Ten Commandments. These laws form the basis of a ethical code of conduct, which is upheld by followers of the faith. As such, Judaism has been credited with fostering the values of honesty, integrity and morality which are fundamental to western society.
Judaism and the Diaspora
The destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem in 70AD marked a turning point in Jewish history and the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora, as Jews were dispersed throughout the world. This diaspora, coupled with the persecution of Jews throughout history, meant that Judaism did not remain static but adapted over time to new cultural and social environments.
In each new land, Jewish communities evolved and adapted different perspectives and interpretations on the faith. In the north African countries like Tunisia, the Jews were heavily influenced by Arab-Islamic culture. Meanwhile, European Jews adopted a more secular approach, engaging with western culture while maintaining their traditional beliefs.
This led to the emergence of various branches of Judaism, each distinct in its own way. While some followed the strict laws of Orthodox Judaism, others embraced and sought reform in the religion, creating Reform Judaism and eventually Conservative Judaism. These movements influenced the practice of the religion throughout Jewish communities and an adaptation of Judaism has become an important part of Jewish identity.
Judaism and the Holocaust
The Holocaust, an event of unparalleled horror and destruction, had a devastating impact on the Jewish faith and communities around the world. Between 1941 and 1945, the systematic murders of Jews and other persecuted groups in Europe brought the world to its knees and the desire to rebuild and remember was essential.
The post-war years saw the Jewish faith enter a period of renewal. Communities were rebuilt and diaspora Jews returned to their ancestral homes. Social action initiatives and religious movements, such as Reconstructionist Judaism, promoted rebuilding and renewal.
Today, the Holocaust remains an integral part of the modern Jewish identity. Its memory is kept alive through events such as Yom HaShoah and monuments that remind us of the tragedy of the past. The Holocaust has also inspired religious and spiritual writings, articulating the suffering of those who perished and contemplating the underlying meaning of Jewish life and history.
Judaism and Modern Times
Today, Judaism has become a global religion with adherents around the world. The religion is practised in many cultures and countries, with many Jews seeking to reconcile their faith with the modern world. In recent years, the movement of progressive Judaism has seen many of its adherents embracing technology and exploring new interpretations of the faith.
More Jews are also engaging with their religion and seeking to incorporate elements of Jewish life into their everyday lives. This is highlighted by the increasing popularity of events such as Shabbat dinners, communal mikvah ceremonies, and the growth of interest in traditional customs and practices.
At the same time, the rise of anti-Semitism around the world has meant that there is an ever-greater need to protect and promote the Jewish faith. Jewish organisations such as the Anti-Defamation League work to ensure the safety and security of Jews around the world, and support for religious rights for all.
Judaism and Zionism
In the 19th century, the emergence of the Zionist movement saw Jews from around the world flock to the land of Israel, driven by the aspiration to establish a Jewish homeland. Zionism has become an important part of the modern Jewish identity, arguing that Jews have an inherent right to self-determination in their ancestral homeland.
Today, Israel is an established nation and a bastion of Jewish culture and learning. The country carries on the ancient traditions and laws of Judaism, as well as bringing in elements of modernity and global culture. This has led to a rich culture of innovation and creativity, fostering the arts and sciences and inspiring a new generation of Jewish thinkers and entrepreneurs.
Zionism has also sparked debate among adherents of the faith. While some view it as a positive force for the renewal of Judaism, others argue that it is a false idol and problematizes the relationship between religious identity and national identity.
Judaism and Spirituality
Spirituality is an important aspect of Judaism and its adherents strive to connect with their ancestral faith through prayer and ritual. This can include prayer, blessings and rituals for Shabbat and the Jewish Holidays, as well as fasting and study of the Torah.
The spiritual aspect of Judaism is further enhanced through the use of traditional symbols and practices such as the Menorah candle and Kabbalah. These traditions help to pass on the stories and values of the faith, helping adherents to connect with their heritage and history.
In addition, there is a growing interest in Jewish mysticism, as more and more people look to explore the spiritual dimensions of Judaism. With an openness to the beliefs and practices of other faiths, Judaism has become a global faith, helping people to connect with the divine and discover a deeper meaning in life.
