Judaism is one of the world’s oldest monotheistic religions and one of the most popular. It has existed for over 3,500 years and is a key component of many people’s individual and collective identities. But where was it established, and how has it evolved?
As Jews trace their ancestry to Abraham, it’s believed that Jewish practices were established during ancient times near or in the Middle East. Many historians also point to the Sinai Peninsula, claiming that the Ten Commandments, under guidance from a divine force, first appeared here. Whatever the exact point of origin, Jewish spiritual and social tradition is thought to have been established by the Hebrew tribes some time ago.
Over the centuries, Judaism has been heavily shaped by a vast array of leading philosophical and religious minds, including Moses, King Solomon, Aristotle, and Immanuel Kant. Jews have created and clung to rituals, beliefs and laws that have been central to their faith. They have also confronted many challenges, from inquisitions and crusades to the Holocaust and beyond.
Following the destruction of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem, Jewish texts were compiled into the Mishnah and Talmud, both of which constitute the written part of the Oral Law. This was crystalized at the Sanhedrin by those deemed authoritative to do so. However, in future centuries, it was Greek philosopher Philo and Roman jurist Ulpian who further advanced theological understanding with their commentary.
The medieval era saw the emergence of powerful and sprawling religious academies, or ‘yeshivas’ in which specialists discussed religious texts and delivered sermons. Famous among them were the Gaonim of the 10th century and the Maimonides of the 12th century.
The Haskalah, an Enlightenment movement, strongly affected Judaism from the 17th to 20th centuries, bringing about a period of great spiritual reawakening and advancement during which Jewish thinkers challenged traditional ideas. This chapter in Jewish history was marked by progressive and innovative educational, literary and religious movements, such as Hasidic and Reform Judaism.
From the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948 to the success of contemporary Israeli culture, it’s apparent that much of what has been achieved in the 2,000-plus years since the dawn of the Jewish faith is rooted in its origin.
Remonstrations
Throughout their rich history, Judaism and its followers have continued to push the envelope in ideas and culture. Significant Jewish works of art and literature have influenced Western life and provided key figures in philosophy, medicine and even comedy. The meaning and message of these creations often reflect and challenge traditional notions, closely aligning with the modern progressive movement.
In the 16th century, Solomon Molkho, a Portuguese-born rabbi, became a staunch defender of those who had been banished from the Jewish diaspora. He argued for the re-admission of synagogue-excommunicated people, claiming that the principles of reconciliation and tolerance should be seen as paramount in any Jewish state or community. Yet few listened to his words.
Kahana-Karmon wrote passionately in protest of the Orthodox movement in 1788 and argued for ‘equal dignity for all Jews’, much in the same way that the Reform movement has done throughout the centuries. He condemned rituals where some Jews were deemed superior to those who were not part of the proper faith, and proposed the creation of an ‘enlightened, neutral group’ at that time.
Rosa Luxemburg, a German-born political leader and one of the twentieth century’s most dedicated socialist revolutionaries, has also been considered a banner-waving leader of the Jewish people. Her protests against Zionism and her calls for a fair and equal society, which were based on her Jewish faith, inspired millions around the world.
Accusations
Throughout its long and complex history, Judaism has been the source of much criticism and controversy. From claims that Jewish people are not capable of creating a successful state to some of its more controversial practices, the faith has often been attacked for lacking legitimacy and exceeding the boundaries of human decency.
In some cases, Jews have been accused of leading a life of extreme separation from the rest of society, and of creating an economic system which places them in a position of unfair advantage. In 1967, Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher made various accusations, many of which have been widely rejected. He accused the rabbis of exercising “a certain domination over the minds of their people” and deemed their customs as “bloodthirsty and rapacious law.”
Critics of Judaism have also suggested that the faith encourages its followers to be ethnocentric, claiming that the Torah and its commandments are exclusive and only serve to benefit Jews. In recent years, there have been some attempts to challenge the Orthodox Rabbinate, a branch of the faith which advocates for a very traditional interpretation of the tenets of Judaism.
In the wake of various anti-semitic incidents and hate crimes, the Jewish community has been under increasing pressure to defend itself and show compasion towards those of other faiths. Many accuse the religion of being too harsh in its judgement and too inflexible in its rules, suggesting that it should embrace more open discussion and integration.
Defensives
Leaders of the faith have not been complete strangers to self-defence. Over the years, there have been several motions to defend Jewish customs and traditions, some of which have led to significant turns in the attitudes towards the religion. The reactions were varied, with some finding solace in its teachings and others questioning its value.
In its most simple form, Judaism stresses the importance of behaving in an ethical and moral manner, encouraging members of its faith to act with justice, mercy and peace at all times. According to Abraham Joshua Heschel, a rabbi and leading scholar of Jewish philosophy, “the goal of Judaism is to make a person better than he is, to help him become compassionate, generous, a person of love, of justice and righteousness.”
As for accusations of prejudice and self-righteousness, many would argue that the faith actually forbids such behaviours. Deuteronomy 10:19 outlines the importance of ‘loving your neighbour”, while Leviticus 19:18 clearly states that “you are not to take revenge nor bear a grudge”.
The late nineteenth century leader and Zionist thinker Ahad Haam went even further, suggesting that Jews find a balance between their desire to strengthen their culture, while still being able to co-exist peacefully with their neighbours. “Judaism is a universal religion”, he said, “[but] the principal goal in life of most Jews is not to bring Judaism to other nations, but to strengthen their own national identity.”
Emancipations
It is clear that Jewish emancipation has been at the forefront of a great deal of Judeo-Christian discussions. The introduction of the Emancipation Rights legislation in the late eighteenth century, which sought to grant Jews greater rights to practice their faith and transact in business, were indicative of the changing times.
Yet, in some cases, anti-semitism continues to be a major issue, with some countries and factions having stricter laws and greater restrictions. For instance, the ‘Blasphemy law’ in Saudi Arabia prohibits all non-mainstream religions, and Israel has been criticised for its treatment of Palestinian people. Over recent decades, though, progress has been made in many of these areas, with attempts to find solutions that appease both sides.
The celebration of Passover, for instance, is symbolic of the Jewish journey from slavery to freedom and is a reminder of the importance of standing up for one’s convictions. This message has been echoed in many of the public displays of the last few decades, such as the Women’s March in Washington DC or the anti-war rallies in New York City.
As the years go on and society continues to evolve, it is clear that the roots of Judaism will remain firmly in place. Its origin and message remain at the core of its legacy, recognizing the power of faith, understanding and acceptance.
Reaffirmations
Jewish texts, such as the book of Proverbs and the teachings of the Talmud, offer much wisdom which can be adapted to different circumstances. For instance, Rabbi Nachman of Breslov’s adage of “it is good to hope for the best and prepare for the worst” can still be heard in many Jewish households and holds relevance today.
In the US, talk of reproving a feature of Jewish culture can be seen in various places: from the synagogues which dot the country to the success of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee. The practice of ‘dialogue’, which encourages meaningful exchanges to bridge the gap between mutual understanding, often involve representatives from the Jewish community.
In recent years, there has also been a surge in Judaic-inspired literature, music and art. Taxonomies, or categorizations of Jewish observance, have been established and vary depending on the country. Here, Jews are able to discuss and observe their religious laws and customs, as well as to introduce new activities, beliefs and rituals where permissible.
This offers a unique glimpse into the multifaceted nature of Judaism. From the sporting achievements of Israeli athletes to the exploration of gender roles and movements for equality, Judaism is undeniably a major part of world history and culture.
Involvements
In addition to providing an essential message of faith and anticipation, Judaism serves as an example of active involvement in the wider world. Jewish philanthropy and charity are commonplace, with Jewish organizations and individuals providing resources and assistance both locally and globally.
Challenges such as poverty, disease and hunger are often approached with Jewish values and operations, seeking to ease the plight of those in need rather than just providing temporary relief. Prominent figures, such as the Austrian-born philanthropist and entrepreneur George Soros, have helped to initiate multiple programs and initiatives around the world.
In education, many Jewish schools operate with a commitment to fostering strong ethical values as well as academic excellence. Some of the busiest Jewish events, such as the annual Day of Atonement and the Passover Seders, offer forums for the expression of faith, as well as a chance for the community to come together for common celebrations.
Additionally, Jewish writers and artists continue to be active in various fields, helping to maintain their cultural heritage through films, books and artwork. Through such efforts, Judaism is further seen as an active player in global life, one which resolves to bring peace and understanding wherever possible.
Elevations
The work of Jewish scientists, philosophers and scholars has made significant contributions to the world and its development. To this end, few can deny the elevation of Judaism in society, and the importance of its origin and teachings
