There are numerous denominations of Christianity across the globe — all of which, while having some key theological similarities, also have individual beliefs and practices who makes them unique. All in all, Christianity is divided into three primary sects — Protestantism, Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy — that each have a different focus and history.
Protestantism, while having morphed over the centuries, began with German priest Martin Luther’s Protestant Reformation. Luther is credited with founding Protestantism, and more specifically, the Lutheran denomination in 1517. Numerous other denominations have grown out of the Reformation, including Baptists, Calvinists, Presbyterians, Methodists, and others.
Roman Catholicism, by contrast, retains the original beliefs and practices of the Roman Empire which is significantly different from Protestant beliefs. This can be seen in its rituals, forms of worship, and liturgy The liturgy of the Catholic Church has remained virtually unchanged for centuries, based on the Latin language.
Eastern Orthodoxy, meanwhile, is believed to have begun in the 8th century A.D. It follows a much different set of beliefs and practices than does Catholicism and Protestantism. Eastern Orthodox Christians strive to become “God-like”, in terms of morality and spirituality. As with Catholicism and Protestantism, there are several different denominations that fall under the Eastern Orthodox umbrella.
Protestantism vs Catholicism
The primary difference between Protestantism and Catholicism is the authority of the pope and the infallibility of the Church. Catholics believe that the pope is the spiritual leader of the Church and that he is infallible, while Protestants reject this notion. Other key differences include interpretation of the Bible and the sacraments, as well as the role of the church in society.
Protestants also reject the Catholic Church’s authority and accept just the Bible as a guide, rather than a human official. Additionally, Protestant denominations don’t share the same salvation theology as Catholicism and instead generally accept the concept of salvation by faith alone, without good works. The same can be said for dietary restrictions.
Catholics and Protestants also differ in their belief of the Eucharist. Catholics believe that the consecrated communion bread is the actual body and blood of Jesus Christ and that consuming it gives them eternal life, whereas Protestants do not accept this notion.
Eastern Orthodoxy vs Catholicism
The primary difference between Eastern Orthodoxy and Catholicism is the recognition of the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, and with it, the authority of the Pope. Eastern Orthodox Christianity does not recognize the pope as the leader of the Christian faith — instead, they rely on the writings of their own bishops and in the teachings of church councils.
In addition, Eastern Orthodoxy rejects the Roman Catholic Church’s authority over doctrine and practice. For example, Eastern Orthodoxy does not accept the papal supremacy, the concept of purgatory, or the doctrine of being able to buy a ticket to heaven through indulgences. The Eastern Orthodox Church also believes that there are seven sacraments as opposed to Catholicism’s belief of seven sacraments.
Another difference between Eastern Orthodoxy and Catholicism is their stance on Western innovations in theology. The Catholic Church has been willing to accept new theological concepts into its overall doctrine, whereas the Eastern Orthodox Church is much more judicious about accepting change.
Eastern Orthodoxy vs Protestantism
Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Protestantism have much in common, such as the belief in the Bible as the primary source of faith, the acceptance of Jesus Christ as the son of God, and salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ.
The major difference between the two is the role of tradition. Eastern Orthodoxy accepts the Church fathers and councils year of the early Church and looks to them as sources of spiritual guidance. Protestantism, on the other hand, has a greater emphasis on interpretive autonomy and freedoms than Orthodoxy does.
Other differences between Orthodoxy and Protestantism include a belief in the efficacy of icons, the veneration of saints, and ascetic practices. Additionally, Protestantism tends to place lower restrictions on lifestyle, while Eastern Orthodoxy places higher demands on the spiritual life of its followers.
Religious Freedom and Inter-denominational Relations
In today’s world, religious freedom is a central tenet of modern democracies. This means that regardless of religious affiliations, faith groups have the right to practice their beliefs and exercise their religious freedoms. This also means that in many cases, denominational relations have improved and denominations have become less stringent about doctrinal differences.
For example, in the United States, many Protestant denominations have formed ecumenical organizations such as the National Council of Churches and the World Council of Churches. These organizations have enabled denominations to foster relationships, open dialogues, and in some cases, unite around certain causes.
Additionally, organizations such as the World Council of Churches have been instrumental in promoting religious freedom and equality across the globe. Through these efforts, people from different religious denominations have been able to come to an understanding and foster dialogue despite doctrinal differences.
Doctrinal Authority
The authority and veracity of church doctrine is an area of constant debate, especially in relation to denominations. Generally, denominations have accepted that, while doctrines and beliefs may differ, all have their own foundation and core tenets. Consequently, denominations have developed ways of sharing and understanding boundaries between beliefs, while still retaining the core tenets of their respective faith traditions.
In terms of doctrinal authority, Catholics generally accept the authority of the pope. Protestants rely on the authority of Scripture, while Eastern Orthodoxy relies on its bishops and church councils. Regardless, all of the major denominations acknowledge that personal salvation is found in the life and death of Jesus Christ and that the Bible is the basis of faith.
Societal Implications
Despite a plethora of doctrinal differences, denominations of Christianity have had an immense impact on society over the centuries. Denominations have greatly contributed to the advancement of human rights and education, as well as other causes such as poverty, hunger, and general welfare.
In addition, denominations have played a role in the elimination of slavery, the improvement of gender rights, the end of segregation and racial injustice, and the development of more equitable legal systems. This is the case in many parts of the world, including the United States.
Ultimately, the denominations of Christianity, while having their differences, have united to have a positive effect on society and on individuals. From education to social change to personal salvation, denominational Christians have sought to spread love, faith, and peace as one body of Christ.
